| As the broader conceptions of health and wellness | | | | fitness training, programs are tailored specifically |
| have evolved, so too have the typologies of | | | | to individual needs. Evaluations of the Live for Life |
| interventions offered by organizations. An early | | | | program have indicated positive effects on |
| typology offered by several researchers | | | | exercise, health behaviors, and employee work |
| proposed three levels of health programs: | | | | attitudes. |
| Level I: Awareness programs, including | | | | Kimberly-Clark Corporation's Health Management |
| newsletters, health fairs, screening sessions, | | | | program is also a benchmark comprehensive |
| education classes, and other activities that raise | | | | program, initiated in 1977. The program reflects |
| individual awareness of the consequences of | | | | the company's culture and its belief that |
| unhealthy behaviors | | | | well-informed, healthy employees are happier, |
| Level II: Specific programs for lifestyle | | | | safer, more productive, and have better |
| modification, including fitness programs, back | | | | attendance records, and that these factors |
| exercises, and the like, characterized by active | | | | produce lower health care costs for the |
| employee involvement in adopting | | | | organization. Integrated, multidisciplinary teams |
| health-promoting behaviors | | | | provide health screening, primary care, exercise |
| Level III: Programs that create environments in | | | | programs, nursing care, and employee assistance |
| which individuals can sustain healthy lifestyles over | | | | programs at Kimberly-Clark's various locations. |
| the long term, including the provision of fitness | | | | Fitness facilities include indoor running tracks, |
| centers at the workplace, making healthy food | | | | Olympic-size pools, nature trails, weights, and |
| available, and removing unhealthy food from the | | | | aerobic equipment. Preventive and educational |
| workplace. | | | | services are provided, which include family |
| From these three levels, fourth-generation | | | | wellness, nutrition education, CPR training, and |
| programs evolved, variously referred to as total | | | | sport-specific workshops, among other programs. |
| health programs, comprehensive health promotion | | | | Health and productivity management programs |
| programs, or health and productivity management | | | | (HPM) have three basic goals: (1) to provide |
| programs. Johnson & Johnson's Live for Life | | | | integrative services that promote employee |
| program represents one of the earliest | | | | health or assist with injury, illness, or work-life |
| comprehensive wellness programs. Three key | | | | balance, (2) to increase productivity and morale, |
| components of the J&J program are health | | | | and (3) to manage medical benefits, risk |
| risk assessment, creative educational units, and | | | | management, employee assistance programs, and |
| physical fitness training. Health risk assessments | | | | other services such that they promote health and |
| may include analyzes of stress management, | | | | productivity. Keys to the success of HPM |
| fitness, nutrition, safety, and ergonomics, and the | | | | programs include health promotion and wellness |
| assessments are used to identify the individual's | | | | staff who serve as models of healthy lifestyles, |
| strengths and weaknesses. In the educational | | | | employee empowerment, and self-responsibility. |
| units, a wide variety of media is used to deliver | | | | The distinguishing factor of HPM programs is the |
| education on such topics as weight management, | | | | tie to the mission of the business and articulation |
| smoking cessation, women's health issues, and | | | | of the links between individual health and business |
| blood pressure management, among other | | | | operations. |
| health-related subjects. In J&J's physical | | | | |